Mr

China has become one of the most popular foreign direct investment (FDI) destinations since 1980s, and its automotive industry always an attractive playing field for the global automakers. As there was a gap in the passenger car market in before the 1980s, all the domestic manufacturers mainly at that time only produced trucks and buses for transportation, tractors for agriculture, and jeeps for military. Thus, the entry seems very necessary to supply this gap in the market; the early entry will help them to win the first move advantage. For European and U.S. automakers, the entry into China has become part of their global strategy. They strive to build up a business base in the Far East that will limit the dominance of Japanese firms. From a global strategy point of view, the step of entry into China seems very necessary; however, Chinas unstable institutional environment and different kinds of regulation limit the speed of entry. What the Chinese government wants to achieve through publishing the regulations to foreign funds, is to foster its own automotive industry and is not interested in turning China into an expansion base for European, American and Japanese auto industries. Simply, the government does not want to lose the control on this pillar industry while it opens to the world. Till the mid-1990s, the auto industry was still highly protected in China; high tariff and non-tariff trade barriers, screening, foreign equity limits and local content requirements are several common obstacles to the entry of foreigners. In the past, many researchers have studied the policies in Chinas automotive industry, but most of them mainly focus on two questions: 6 how does the protection environment in the auto industry affect the utility of domestic consumer by limiting their access to the cheaper import car?; and, how does the protected environment limit the development of the industry? Most of articles argued that the policy environment in China provides too much protection and is not good for the growth of domestic manufacturers. However, there are few studies focused on the foreign perspective; this paper would change the angle from the domestic side to foreign side. This paper looks to explore the link between policy regulations and entry model selection. In order to analyse this link, two famous joint ventures in the China automotive industry has been selected for study, the Shanghai Volkswagen and Guangzhou Peugeot. In the case, three dimensions about the entry strategy of these two companies will be analyzed. Finally, this paper is going to answer the question of whether the regulation is the main factor affect foreigners entry model selection and whether the limited availability of the entry model would be the important factor that affects the performance of joint ventures. In this paper, there are four main sections: Literature review, Methodology, Research analysis, and Conclusion. In the literature review section (Chapter 2), all the related theories and models about the entry model selection and entry strategies will be presented. The methodology (Chapter 3) will explain the research method of this research applied, the way to access the data, and the limitation of this research as well. Research analysis is a large section. All economic factors and regulations related to how foreign funds get in Chinas automotive industry will be analyzed in Chapter 4. The case studies of Shanghai Volkswagen and Guangzhou Peugeot will be shown in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 respectively; the three dimensions of entry strategy of each joint venture: partner selection, control over alliance, 7 and conflict management will be fully analyzed here. Finally, this paper is going to present some implications through the comparison of Shanghai Volkswagen and Guangzhou Peugeot cases, and end with a conclusion: Regulation and Policy, in some degree, limit the number of available entry model choices to the foreigner, but any limitation on the entry model selection should not fully be responsible to the performance of the foreign funds in this industry. By implementing and designing a right entry strategy based on the assumption of limit entry model choice, the foreign funds can still perform very well

Personal Insolvency in China: Necessities, Difficulties, and Possibilities

There has long been demand for personal insolvency laws in China, yet such laws have hitherto been unavailable, in part due to ideological resistance. In more recent years there has been an increase in borrowing by individuals, which has led to increased calls for honest but unfortunate debtors to be able to obtain a fresh start. Yet there is significant public mistrust of defaulting debtors and in particular there is a shadow cast by those termed the Lao Lai that has led many to question the desirability of such a reform. There has also been a need for change in the development of an infrastructure to support a personal insolvency system, such as a social security, property registration and credit information systems, and although progress has been made in these regards there is still a need for further development. However, there has been case law progress in one province enabling collective resolutions of claims against insolvent debtors, and judicial guidance from senior courts has expanded on this. More recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated progress towards the enactment of personal insolvency laws on a local level in Shenzhen. This article considers the need for personal insolvency laws in China, identifies the obstacles that have hitherto stood in the way of such laws and discusses the momentum which has been recently gained towards the enactment of personal insolvency laws

パズル課題と動画に対する子どもたちの行動―日本、中国、韓国の子どもたちの違い―〈博士学位論文要約〉

聖心女子大学2019年

Mr

China has become one of the most popular foreign direct investment (FDI) destinations since 1980s, and its automotive industry always an attractive playing field for the global automakers. As there was a gap in the passenger car market in before the 1980s, all the domestic manufacturers mainly at that time only produced trucks and buses for transportation, tractors for agriculture, and jeeps for military. Thus, the entry seems very necessary to supply this gap in the market; the early entry will help them to win the first move advantage. For European and U.S. automakers, the entry into China has become part of their global strategy. They strive to build up a business base in the Far East that will limit the dominance of Japanese firms. From a global strategy point of view, the step of entry into China seems very necessary; however, Chinas unstable institutional environment and different kinds of regulation limit the speed of entry. What the Chinese government wants to achieve through publishing the regulations to foreign funds, is to foster its own automotive industry and is not interested in turning China into an expansion base for European, American and Japanese auto industries. Simply, the government does not want to lose the control on this pillar industry while it opens to the world. Till the mid-1990s, the auto industry was still highly protected in China; high tariff and non-tariff trade barriers, screening, foreign equity limits and local content requirements are several common obstacles to the entry of foreigners. In the past, many researchers have studied the policies in Chinas automotive industry, but most of them mainly focus on two questions: 6 how does the protection environment in the auto industry affect the utility of domestic consumer by limiting their access to the cheaper import car?; and, how does the protected environment limit the development of the industry? Most of articles argued that the policy environment in China provides too much protection and is not good for the growth of domestic manufacturers. However, there are few studies focused on the foreign perspective; this paper would change the angle from the domestic side to foreign side. This paper looks to explore the link between policy regulations and entry model selection. In order to analyse this link, two famous joint ventures in the China automotive industry has been selected for study, the Shanghai Volkswagen and Guangzhou Peugeot. In the case, three dimensions about the entry strategy of these two companies will be analyzed. Finally, this paper is going to answer the question of whether the regulation is the main factor affect foreigners entry model selection and whether the limited availability of the entry model would be the important factor that affects the performance of joint ventures. In this paper, there are four main sections: Literature review, Methodology, Research analysis, and Conclusion. In the literature review section (Chapter 2), all the related theories and models about the entry model selection and entry strategies will be presented. The methodology (Chapter 3) will explain the research method of this research applied, the way to access the data, and the limitation of this research as well. Research analysis is a large section. All economic factors and regulations related to how foreign funds get in Chinas automotive industry will be analyzed in Chapter 4. The case studies of Shanghai Volkswagen and Guangzhou Peugeot will be shown in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 respectively; the three dimensions of entry strategy of each joint venture: partner selection, control over alliance, 7 and conflict management will be fully analyzed here. Finally, this paper is going to present some implications through the comparison of Shanghai Volkswagen and Guangzhou Peugeot cases, and end with a conclusion: Regulation and Policy, in some degree, limit the number of available entry model choices to the foreigner, but any limitation on the entry model selection should not fully be responsible to the performance of the foreign funds in this industry. By implementing and designing a right entry strategy based on the assumption of limit entry model choice, the foreign funds can still perform very well

Object as Query: Lifting any 2D Object Detector to 3D Detection

3D object detection from multi-view images has drawn much attention over the past few years. Existing methods mainly establish 3D representations from multi-view images and adopt a dense detection head for object detection, or employ object queries distributed in 3D space to localize objects. In this paper, we design Multi-View 2D Objects guided 3D Object Detector (MV2D), which can lift any 2D object detector to multi-view 3D object detection. Since 2D detections can provide valuable priors for object existence, MV2D exploits 2D detectors to generate object queries conditioned on the rich image semantics. These dynamically generated queries help MV2D to recall objects in the field of view and show a strong capability of localizing 3D objects. For the generated queries, we design a sparse cross attention module to force them to focus on the features of specific objects, which suppresses interference from noises. The evaluation results on the nuScenes dataset demonstrate the dynamic object queries and sparse feature aggregation can promote 3D detection capability. MV2D also exhibits a state-of-the-art performance among existing methods. We hope MV2D can serve as a new baseline for future research.Comment: technical repor

NeuSE: Neural SE(3)-Equivariant Embedding for Consistent Spatial Understanding with Objects

We present NeuSE, a novel Neural SE(3)-Equivariant Embedding for objects, and illustrate how it supports object SLAM for consistent spatial understanding with long-term scene changes. NeuSE is a set of latent object embeddings created from partial object observations. It serves as a compact point cloud surrogate for complete object models, encoding full shape information while transforming SE(3)-equivariantly in tandem with the object in the physical world. With NeuSE, relative frame transforms can be directly derived from inferred latent codes. Our proposed SLAM paradigm, using NeuSE for object shape and pose characterization, can operate independently or in conjunction with typical SLAM systems. It directly infers SE(3) camera pose constraints that are compatible with general SLAM pose graph optimization, while also maintaining a lightweight object-centric map that adapts to real-world changes. Our approach is evaluated on synthetic and real-world sequences featuring changed objects and shows improved localization accuracy and change-aware mapping capability, when working either standalone or jointly with a common SLAM pipeline.Comment: 15 Pages and 12 figures. Accepted to RSS 2023. Project webpage: https://neuse-slam.github.io/neuse

Robust Change Detection Based on Neural Descriptor Fields

The ability to reason about changes in the environment is crucial for robots operating over extended periods of time. Agents are expected to capture changes during operation so that actions can be followed to ensure a smooth progression of the working session. However, varying viewing angles and accumulated localization errors make it easy for robots to falsely detect changes in the surrounding world due to low observation overlap and drifted object associations. In this paper, based on the recently proposed category-level Neural Descriptor Fields (NDFs), we develop an object-level online change detection approach that is robust to partially overlapping observations and noisy localization results. Utilizing the shape completion capability and SE(3)-equivariance of NDFs, we represent objects with compact shape codes encoding full object shapes from partial observations. The objects are then organized in a spatial tree structure based on object centers recovered from NDFs for fast queries of object neighborhoods. By associating objects via shape code similarity and comparing local object-neighbor spatial layout, our proposed approach demonstrates robustness to low observation overlap and localization noises. We conduct experiments on both synthetic and real-world sequences and achieve improved change detection results compared to multiple baseline methods. Project webpage: https://yilundu.github.io/ndf_changeComment: 8 pages, 8 figures, and 2 tables. Accepted to IROS 2022. Project webpage: https://yilundu.github.io/ndf_chang

Near infrared spectroscopy coupled with radial basis function neural network for at-line monitoring of Lactococcus lactis subsp. fermentation

AbstractIn our previous work, partial least squares (PLSs) were employed to develop the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRs) models for at-line (fast off-line) monitoring key parameters of Lactococcus lactis subsp. fermentation. In this study, radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) as a non-linear modeling method was investigated to develop NIRs models instead of PLS. A method named moving window radial basis function neural network (MWRBFNN) was applied to select the characteristic wavelength variables by using the degree approximation (Da) as criterion. Next, the RBFNN models with selected wavelength variables were optimized by selecting a suitable constant spread. Finally, the effective spectra pretreatment methods were selected by comparing the robustness of the optimum RBFNN models developed with pretreated spectra. The results demonstrated that the robustness of the optimal RBFNN models were better than the PLS models for at-line monitoring of glucose and pH of L. lactis subsp. fermentation

A General Pattern-Based Design Optimization for Asymmetric Spoke-Type Interior PM Machines

A novel asymmetric spoke-type interior permanent magnet (AS-IPM) machine is proposed in this paper. It utilizes the magnetic-field-shifting (MFS) effect to improve the torque performance, which achieves a high utilization ratio of both permanent magnet (PM) torque and reluctance torque. In addition, a general pattern of rotor topologies is proposed to represent all possible machine structures. Various rotor structures can be obtained by changing the design parameters of the general pattern. A non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is adopted to automatically search for optimal rotor configurations. With the aid of the optimization program, an asymmetric spoke-type rotor structure with improved performance is obtained. To showcase the advantages of the proposed machine, the electromagnetic performance is compared between a conventional spoke-type interior permanent magnet (S-IPM) machine and a proposed AS-IPM machine. The finite-element simulation results show that the optimal design of the AS-IPM performs a 7.7% higher output torque ripple due to the MFS effect while the total PM volume remains the same. Meanwhile, the torque ripple of the proposed structure is significantly reduced by 82.1%